Aspartic Acid
In 1868, Aspartic acid (the ionic form is known as aspartate) was isolated from legume in plant seeds and is apparently known as an amino acid obtained as a product of the hydrolysis of proteins.
Chemical structure of Aspartic acid
Chemical and physical properties of Aspartic acid
IUPAC Name: (2S)-2-Aminobutanedioic acid
Symbol: Three-letter code - Asp. One-letter code - D
Molecular Weight (Molar Mass): 133.10268 g/mol
Molecular Formula (Structural Formula): C4H7NO4
Canonical SMILES: C(C(C(=O)O)N)C(=O)O
Isomeric SMILES: C([C@@H](C(=O)O)N)C(=O)O
InChIKey Identifier: CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-WHFJSZMODF
CAS Number: 56-84-8
MDL Number: MFCD00002616
Melting point: 270 °C
RNA codons: GAU, GAC
Solubility in water: 5,0 g/L (25 °C); pKa - 1,88; pKb - 9,60
Rf value in n-butanol/acetic acid/water = 12:3:5 - 0.24
2D Molfile: Get the molfile
3D PDB file: Get the PDB file
Other names: Aspartate; (S)-Aminobutanedioic acid; L-Aminosuccinic acid; Asparagic acid; L-Asparagic acid; Asparaginic acid; L-Asparaginic acid; Aspartic acid; (L)-Aspartic acid; (S)-Aspartic acid; H-Asp-OH
Functions of L-Aspartic acid in the body
This amino acid is non-essential and widely distributed in proteins, though it is proved to play a major role in the energy cycle of your body. Besides, Aspartic acid also participates in the ornithine cycle, in transamination reactions, as well as in the formation of pyrimidines, purines, carnosine, and anserine. This amino acid is necessary for stamina, brain and neural health. Some time ago, Aspartic acid was found to be very important in the functioning of RNA and DNA, as well as in the production of immunoglobulin and antibody synthesis.
Aspartate is believed to help your body promote a robust metabolism. From time to time it is used to treat depression and fatigue. This amino acid plays a key role in the citric acid cycle (also known as Krebs cycle), within which a number of other amino acids and biochemicals are formed.
Basically, Aspartic acid got its reputation for being a treatment substance for chronic fatigue and for the vital role it plays in generating cellular energy. Moreover, this amino acid promotes a transportation of minerals to the cells, which are essential to form healthy RNA and DNA, while strengthening the immune system through stimulating an increased production of immunoglobulins and antibodies.
If you want your mind sharp, you will look for Aspartic acid, because it's responsible for keeping your mind in that state by increasing concentrations of NADH in the brain. This, in turn, is believed to boost up the production of chemicals necessary for proper mental functioning. Finally, this amino acid is recognized as an important element removing excess toxins from the cells, especially ammonia, that damages human liver, brain, and nervous system.
Food sources
Aspartic acid is a non-essential amino acid, so your healthy body is able to produce its own supply. Besides, it can also be found in such food sources as dairy, beef, poultry, sugar cane and molasses. Individuals with diets low in protein or having eating disorders or malnutrition may suffer from the results of aspartic acid deficiency like extreme fatigue or depression.
Meat and Poultry. Chicken, turkey, beef, and pork are rich in aspartic acid. These meats are excellent sources of protein and various essential nutrients.
Fish. Fish, such as salmon, tuna, and cod, contain aspartic acid. Fish is not only a good source of protein but also provides omega-3 fatty acids.
Dairy Products. Milk, cheese, and yogurt contain aspartic acid. Dairy products are also good sources of calcium and other essential nutrients.
Eggs. Eggs, especially the whites, are rich in aspartic acid. They are a complete protein source, providing all essential amino acids.
Legumes. Lentils, chickpeas, and other legumes contain aspartic acid. These plant-based foods are also high in fiber and other beneficial nutrients.
Nuts and Seeds. Almonds, peanuts, and sunflower seeds are examples of nuts and seeds that contain aspartic acid. They are also good sources of healthy fats.
Whole Grains. Foods like wheat, oats, and quinoa contain aspartic acid. Whole grains provide carbohydrates, fiber, and various vitamins and minerals.
Fruits and Vegetables. Aspartic acid can be found in various fruits and vegetables, although in smaller amounts compared to protein-rich foods. Examples include avocados, asparagus, and spinach.
A well-balanced diet that includes a variety of protein sources from both animal and plant origins typically provides the necessary amino acids, including aspartic acid, for the body's normal functioning. While individual amino acids like aspartic acid are essential for protein synthesis, the focus should be on consuming a diverse range of foods to meet overall nutritional needs.
Aspartate Transaminase
Aspartate transaminase (AST), also known as aspartate aminotransferase, is a crucial enzyme in the body involved in the metabolism of amino acids. It plays a significant role in the interconversion of amino acids and α-keto acids, which are essential for various metabolic processes. This enzyme is found in high concentrations in the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells.
Function and Mechanism
AST is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group from aspartate to α-ketoglutarate, forming oxaloacetate and glutamate. This reaction is a part of the malate-aspartate shuttle, which is vital for transferring reducing equivalents across the mitochondrial membrane, thus contributing to cellular respiration and energy production.
The reaction can be summarized as follows: Aspartate+α-ketoglutarate ↔ Oxaloacetate+Glutamate
Clinical Significance
AST levels are commonly measured in clinical settings as a part of liver function tests. Elevated AST levels in the blood can indicate liver damage or disease, as well as muscle injury, myocardial infarction, or other medical conditions. It is often assessed alongside alanine transaminase (ALT), another liver enzyme, to help determine the cause and extent of liver injury.
Liver Disease: High AST levels may indicate acute liver conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or liver tumors.
Heart Disease: Elevated AST levels can occur during myocardial infarction (heart attack) as the enzyme is released from damaged heart muscle cells.
Muscle Disorders: Muscle injury, such as from trauma or strenuous exercise, can lead to increased AST levels.
Diagnostic Use
To diagnose and monitor various conditions, AST levels are measured through blood tests. Normal reference ranges for AST vary depending on the laboratory and population but are generally between 10-40 units per liter (U/L) for adults.
The AST/ALT ratio, also known as the De Ritis ratio, can provide additional diagnostic information. A ratio greater than 2:1 is often seen in alcoholic liver disease, while a ratio less than 1 can suggest viral hepatitis.
Aspartate transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase is a vital enzyme with significant roles in amino acid metabolism and energy production. Its levels in the blood serve as important biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring liver health, heart conditions, and muscle integrity. Understanding the function and clinical significance of AST can aid in the effective management of various medical conditions.